Ismaili Dictionary & Encyclopedia

DudheEncyclopedia Topic

With milk

Various Sources DugalEncyclopedia Topic

Two-edged

Various Sources DugmeEncyclopedia Topic

Double, two times, both sides

Various Sources DuhagEncyclopedia Topic

To remove, to dismiss, separate, separation, distance

Various Sources DuhaganEncyclopedia Topic

Unhappy, sad, widow

Various Sources DujaEncyclopedia Topic

Other, someone else, another, more

Various Sources DujeEncyclopedia Topic

Others

Various Sources DujiEncyclopedia Topic

Second

Various Sources Duji varEncyclopedia Topic

Once again

Various Sources Dukal / DukarEncyclopedia Topic

Famine, acute shortage

Various Sources Dukh bharEncyclopedia Topic

Being saddened

Various Sources Dukh daridraEncyclopedia Topic

Problem, misery, difficulties, poverty, indigence

Various Sources DukhbharEncyclopedia Topic

Miserable

Various Sources DukhdaEncyclopedia Topic

Sorrow, grief

Various Sources DukhiEncyclopedia Topic

Unhappy, sad

Various Sources DukhiyaEncyclopedia Topic

Sad, unhappy. miserable, afflicted

Various Sources DulsheEncyclopedia Topic

Will stagger, will totter

Various Sources DungarEncyclopedia Topic

Mountain

Various Sources DuniyajeEncyclopedia Topic

Of the world

Various Sources DUNYAEncyclopedia Topic

The word dunya is derived from dhunuww, meaning the lower or the nearest world. This world as man actually experiences it and lives in it as a whole, called al-dunya. The Koran uses the phrase al-hayah al-dunya (the lower life) in place of the simple word al-dunya, occurring 115 times in the Koran. Life in this world according to the Koran is inseparable part of a continuum, a unified whole

Encyclopaedia of Ismailism by Mumtaz Ali Tajddingeneral DurEncyclopedia Topic

Earrings, ear-drop, pearl

Various Sources Dur chukavoEncyclopedia Topic

Keep away, shun, remove, throw away

Various Sources Dur deshEncyclopedia Topic

From a distant land

Various Sources DurachariEncyclopedia Topic

Doer of bad deeds, person of bad character

Various Sources DurgandhEncyclopedia Topic

Foul smell

Various Sources DurijanEncyclopedia Topic

Evil people, sinners, enemy, satan, evil person, enemies of religion

Various Sources DurlabhEncyclopedia Topic

Rare, scarce

Various Sources DurmatEncyclopedia Topic

Evil thoughts

Various Sources DurudEncyclopedia Topic

Salawat, salutation

Various Sources DURUD [ see SALAWAT ]Encyclopedia TopicEncyclopaedia of Ismailism by Mumtaz Ali Tajddingeneral DushtEncyclopedia Topic

Evil, bad, mischievous

Various Sources DuvaiEncyclopedia Topic

Proclamation, public announcement, pronouncement

Various Sources Duvar / dvarEncyclopedia Topic

Door, court, house, place

Various Sources DuveEncyclopedia Topic

Torture, torment, cause pain, cause unhappiness

Various Sources DUZBARI, ANUSHTAKIN AL-Name

Dai of Imam az-Zahir who also named him Governor of Syria. He won the battle of al-Ukhuwna and reclaimed Alep of Mirdasides in 1038.

Dai de l'Imam Az-Zahir qui le nomma gouverneur de Syrie. Gagna la bataille d'al-Ukhuwna, reprit Alep aux Mirdasides en 1038.

Heritage Dictionary of ismailism, entry #210general DvarEncyclopedia Topic

Door, court

Various Sources DWAR (DOUAR)Noun

Porte, maison, en la présence de. "Ali dwaré amé awiya..."

Heritage Dictionary of Ismailism, entry #532general EEncyclopedia Topic

That

Various Sources E mu allaEncyclopedia Topic

O my Lord, only brother

Various Sources ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTEncyclopedia Topic

The Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED) carries out the Network's economic development activities. It consists of three groups of companies, especially active in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia: Industrial Promotion Services (IPS), Tourism Promotion Services (TPS) and Financial Services Companies.

Encyclopaedia of Ismailism by Mumtaz Ali Tajddingeneral EdaEncyclopedia Topic

Like this

Various Sources EdoEncyclopedia Topic

Like this

Various Sources EDUCATION [ see ILM ]Encyclopedia TopicEncyclopaedia of Ismailism by Mumtaz Ali Tajddingeneral EhEncyclopedia Topic

He, that

Various Sources EhiEncyclopedia Topic

This, thus very, this very

Various Sources EID AL-ADHAEncyclopedia Topic

The word eid is derived from aud meaning to return. In Islam, it means a recurring happiness. The word adha, the plural of adhat means a sacrifice. On this occasion, all the Muslims who can afford, sacrifice an animal. In the case of a goat or a sheep, one animal is suffices for one household. In the case of a cow or a camel, seven men may be partners. It may be sacrificed on the day of Eid or during the two or three days that follows, called the tashriq days. The animal sacrificed must be free from apparent physical defects, and full-grown (musinna). The goat or sheep should be a year old, the cow two years and the camel five. The skin of the animal must, however, be disposed of in charity.

The Eid al-Adha is commemorative of that unparalleled act of devotion of that noble soul, Abraham who in obedience to the command of his Lord, readily offered the life of his beloved son, Ismael. In Islam, this act of sacrifice is the symbol of a Muslim's readiness to lay down his life, and to sacrifice all his interests and desires in the cause of truth. The purpose of sacrifice is not fulfilled only by shedding the blood of an animal, but it is really fulfilled when a man submits himself completely and readily to the command of God. Fakhruddin Razi writes in Tafsir al-Kabir (6:183) that, "The man who offers the sacrifice should keep this fact uppermost in his mind that the most important motive behind this is the willing submission to God." Islam has not only shaken the idea of human sacrifice root and branch, but has completely ended all such inhuman practices, which were very common with the people before Islam. The Koran makes a pointed reference to the fact that this sacrifice of animals is commemorative of Abraham's offer of his son's life at the command of God, which was substituted by a ram, and it has been perpetuated by Islam. It is related that once the Companions of the Prophet asked him about this sacrifice, he replied: "This is commemorative of the Sunnah of your father Abraham" (Tafsir Ibn Kathir, 3:221).

Encyclopaedia of Ismailism by Mumtaz Ali Tajddingeneral EID AL-FITREncyclopedia Topic

The word fitr means to begin, from which is also derived fitra meaning nature. The word iftar means the breaking of the fast, as if the faster had returned to a natural course or fulfilled the demand of nature, and it is from this that the name Eid al-Fitr seems to have been taken. "The feast that marks the end of Ramzan is a day when no fasting is allowed at all" (al-Muslim, 2:553), and it is customary for families to dress well in that day and visit each other and offer greetings.

Encyclopaedia of Ismailism by Mumtaz Ali Tajddingeneral EID AL-GHADIREncyclopedia Topic

According to the Shi'ite belief, at the spring (khum) of al-Ghadir, the Prophet as his successor declared Ali bin Abu Talib and the festival commemorated this occasion. The fusion of religion which was characteristic of all religious festivals in Fatimid Egypt, is best exemplified by the festival of Eid al-Ghadir. The festival of Ghadir was celebrated with official sanction in Egypt for the first time in 362/973, when a group of people from Cairo, together with the North African troops (al-maghriba), gathered for invocations (du'a) on the 18th Dhu'l-Hijja, proclaiming that the Prophet had made Ali as his successor on the day of Ghadir al-Khum. It delighted Imam al-Muizz.

During the early centuries of Islamic history, the day of Ghadir Khum was well known and accepted as an auspicious occasion, and there are many indications that all Muslims participated in celebrating it. Ibn Khallikan describes the 18th Zil Hijja as the day of Ghadir Khum (1:60) and Masudi in al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf (p. 31) mentions the night of the same day as the night of the festival of Ghadir Khum. Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, the famous Iranian scholar of the 5th century, includes the festival of Ghadir Khum among the festivals that the Muslim celebrated in his time (al-Athar al-Baqiyah, p. 334). The Shaf'i scholar Ibn Talhah writes, "The day of Ghadir Khum is a festive day and an historic occasion, for it was then that the Prophet clearly and explicitly nominated Ali as Imam and leader of the Muslims after him (cf. al-Ghadir, 1:267).

Over the course of the next century, this popular practice in Egypt was adopted as court ceremony. The Eid al-Ghadir was celebrated regularly during the period of Imam al-Aziz and Imam al-Hakim. Musabbihi (d. 420/1029) reports that the people gathered at the Azhar along with the Koran reciters (qurra), jurists (fuqaha) and singers (munshidun). They stayed for the noon prayer and then went to the palace, where portions (ja'iza) were distributed. In 415/1025, the people of Cairo followed their custom on the day of Ghadir al-Khum, put on fine clothes, and the munshidun went to the palace to offer invocations and poetry.

Encyclopaedia of Ismailism by Mumtaz Ali Tajddingeneral EID AL-MILAD AL-NABIEncyclopedia Topic

The month of Rabi I has an immortal significance in the whole of human history. In this month that Blessed Being made his auspicious appearance from the person of Amina who diverted totally the very stream of the human history; who uplifted humanity from the lowest pit of degradation and rose it to the zenith of glory and grandeur; who heralded a new message of peace and prosperity for the suffering mankind. He emancipated the human race from those fetters in which it had been lying shackled for centuries. He relieved humanity of those heavy burdens under which it had been groaning for ages. The whole world was groping in the dark and gone astray at the time when the Holy Prophet was born. This was the deplorable time through which he passed till he attained the age of forty and then he emerged from the Cave of Hira with a recipe of alchemy that transformed man's destiny with the Light of Divine Guidance. Eid al-milad, the birth anniversary of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) comes with blessings and benedictions on it wake, not for the Muslims alone, but for the whole of the universe, whatever amount of love and sincerity be displayed to welcome this auspicious day, would not commensurate with its sanctity just for the reason that it is the birthday of the Greatest of all the great prophets of the world. A scrupulous survey will reveal that Eid al-milad is the source of all other happy festivals.

In general, the Prophet's birthday is called maulid, a word that also often denotes the festivities held on this day, i.e., 12th Rabi al-Awwal. An alternative term is milad meaning birthday or anniversary, and the passive participle maulud, from the root w-l-d, is also used maulud (Turkish mevlut or mevlud and mulud in Maghrib).

The most important festival initiated by the Fatimid regime was the mawlid al-nabi (Prophet's Nativity). The Fatimids had a privilege to commemorate it for the first time in state level in Islam. According to Encyclopaedia of Quran (London, 2002, 2:206), "The celebration of mawlid might have begun with the Shi'ite Fatimid celebration of the birthdays of the Prophet, Ali, Fatima and the reigning Imam. N. Kaptein has demonstrated that the mawlid al-nabi introduced in Egypt under the Fatimids, certainly by the 6th/12th century." Annemarie Schimmel writes in And Muhammad is His Messenger (Lahore, 1987, p. 145, 147) that, "It seems that the tendency to celebrate the memory of Muhammad's birthday on a larger and more festive scale emerged first in Egypt during the Fatimid era (969-1171). This is logical, for the Fatimids claimed to be the Prophet's descendants through his daughter Fatima. The Egyptian historian Makrizi (d. 1442) describes one such celebration held in 1122, basing his account on Fatimid sources. It was apparently an occasion in which mainly scholars and religious establishment participated. They listened to sermons, and sweets, particularly honey, the Prophet's favorite, were distributed; the poor received alms.... In Egypt, the tradition of maulid was continued from Fatimid days by all subsequent dynasties." According to The Encyclopaedia of Religion (London, 1987, 7:455), "The joyful celebration of Muhammad's birthday began comparatively early; it was introduced on a larger scale in Fatimid Egypt, where the rulers, descendants of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah, remembered the birthday of their ancestor by inviting scholars and distributing sweets and money, a feature that has remained common. Ever since, the pious have felt that celebration of the Mawlid have a special blessings power (barakah)."

Encyclopaedia of Ismailism by Mumtaz Ali Tajddingeneral EKNoun

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Heritage Dictionary of Ismailism, entry #541general