Ismaili Dictionary & Encyclopedia

Karni so teriEncyclopedia Topic

Due to you, your work

Various Sources KarodieEncyclopedia Topic

To the crores of

Various Sources KarodiyunEncyclopedia Topic

Crores, tens of millions

Various Sources KaROR SOUn PIR SaDaRDIN (12)Noun

120 000 000 d'âmes sauvées par Pir Sadardin sous l'intercession de Moukhi Trikam* g.679.

Heritage Dictionary of Ismailism, entry #110general KaROR SOUn RAJA HaRISTCHaND (7Noun

70 000 000 d'âmes sauvées par le roi et Moukhi Haristchandra.

Heritage Dictionary of Ismailism, entry #93general KaROR SOUn RAJA JOUJESTHaNR (9Noun

90 000 000 d'âmes sauvées par le roi Joujestanr.

Heritage Dictionary of Ismailism, entry #97general KaROR SOUn RAJA PEHLAJ (5)Noun

50 000 000 d'âmes sauvées par le roi Pehlaj.

Heritage Dictionary of Ismailism, entry #54general KarpiEncyclopedia Topic

Stingy, miser

Various Sources KarsaEncyclopedia Topic

Doer

Various Sources KarsanEncyclopedia Topic

Farm, field

Various Sources KarsiEncyclopedia Topic

Will do

Various Sources KartaEncyclopedia Topic

In doing, while doing, doing

Various Sources Karta hartaEncyclopedia Topic

Person in charge, the doer

Various Sources KartapEncyclopedia Topic

Deeds

Various Sources KartavEncyclopedia Topic

Duty, that which should be done, deeds, actions, act

Various Sources KartaveEncyclopedia Topic

Work, act

Various Sources Karvane lagoEncyclopedia Topic

Started to do

Various Sources KarvatEncyclopedia Topic

Saw

Various Sources KasEncyclopedia Topic

Test, trial, examination, difficulty

Various Sources KasaiEncyclopedia Topic

Tried, tested, dirt, soot

Various Sources KasavoEncyclopedia Topic

Go through trial, test, try, scrutinize, put to trial, put to test

Various Sources KaseEncyclopedia Topic

Bowl, utensil, salver, test, put to trial

Various Sources Kasha (kasa)Encyclopedia Topic

A cup, goblet, bowl, a plate, a trencher

Various Sources KashtiEncyclopedia Topic

Trial, tribulation, test, suffering

Various Sources KasijeEncyclopedia Topic

Test, examine, try, scrutinize

Various Sources KasindoEncyclopedia Topic

Will take account

Various Sources KasiyeEncyclopedia Topic

Put to test

Various Sources KasmalEncyclopedia Topic

Impurity, dirt, filth

Various Sources KasniEncyclopedia Topic

Trial, tribulation, test

Various Sources KasotadiyaEncyclopedia Topic

Difficulties. trail, tribulation

Various Sources KasotiEncyclopedia Topic

Trial, test, tribulation, examination

Various Sources KASSIM ALI (1106-1143/1694-1730), 43RD IMAMEncyclopedia Topic

"Imam Kassim Ali was born most probably in 1086/1675. He was also known as Syed Aga Jafar, or Syed Jafar. His mother related to a Safavid amir of Kirman. According to the later sources, Imam had married to one of the daughters of Shah Tahmasp II (d. 1145/1732).

His period of Imamate witnessed several vital cataclysm in Iranian kingdom, therefore, the Ismaili mission exercised great care. Imam Kassim Ali also took part in the politics like his father, and was also the governor of Kirman. He however came to reside in Mahallat during the ending period of his Imamate.

In 1115/1703, the Nusairis tribe of Raslan, known as al-Rasalina fiercely attacked on the Ismaili villages in Syria, and took hold of Masiyaf for about eight years. The Ottoman authorities at Latakia, finally assisted the Ismailis to recover their castle. Thus, one Syrian Ismaili caravan is however reported to have repaired to Kirman between 1117/1705 and 1120/1708. During the occupation of Masiyaf, some Ismaili families moved towards the northern Syria and began to live in the mantles of the Druzes at Jabal al-A'la, the mountain of Keftin, where their number increased considerably after few decades. Carsten Niebuhr (1733-1815), the famous German traveller was invited in 1760 to join the Arabian expedition being sent out by Frederick V of Denmark. He writes in Voyage en Arabie et en d' austres pays circonvoisins (tr. from German, Amsterdam, 1870, 2:348) that he was not certain whether the inhabitants of this district were indeed the Druzes. He was reportedly told that there were more than forty villages populated by Druzes; however, he suspected their veracity because, he said, the people looked like the Ismailis.

Later, the Ismailis began to reside in peace in the town of Masiyaf. Abdul Ghani al-Nabulusi, a famous mystic and traveller had passed through Masiyaf in 1106/1693-4, and describes in his al-Hakika wa'l majaz fi rihlat al-Sham wa Misr wa'l Hijaz about a certain Ismaili, called Suleman Tanukhi as a chief of the town.

The Safavid Shah Suleman died in 1105/1693, and was succeeded by his son Shah Hussain, who ruled till 1135/1722. Shah Hussain soon abandoned his austere way of life and, like his father took to drink. He became so luxurious that the size and magnificence of his harem was a serious drain of the exchequer. Like his father, he had no interest in state affairs, which was distressing and ultimately disastrous aspect of the empire. Within the empire, this lack of interest signalled increasing corruption and inefficiency in provincial government. Insecurity on the highways was widespread. Often travellers were robbed by the very officials who were supposed to protect them.

According to Rida Quli Khan in Raudat al-Safa'i Nasiri (Tehran, 1853) that, "After the accession of Shah Hussain in 1105/1693, the signs of decline (inhitat), nay, rather, of extinction (inqirad) of the life of the dynasty became from day to day manifest." By the time of Shah Hussain, the bureaucratic centralization of the state structure was weakened through incompetence, and cloven by bigoted in high places. The military weakness of the state was thrown into sharp relief in 1110/1698 when a band of Baluchi tribesmen raided Kirman, almost reached Yazd and threatened Port Abbas. Shah Hussain turned to the Georgian prince Giorgi XI, who happened to be at the Safavid court, for help in repelling the Baluchis. Giorgi was made governor of Kirman in 1111/1699 and defeated the invaders. Ten years after the Baluchis incursion, the military feebleness of the Safavid empire and, in particular, the defenseless state of the eastern frontier, was demonstrated again, and this time with more serious consequences for the state. In 1121/1709, the Gilzay Afghans under their leader, Mir Vays, seized Kandhar and killed Giorgi. After Mir Vays's death in 1127/1715, his brother Abul Aziz succeeded him as chief of the Gilzay Afghans. In 1128/1716, Mehmud, the eldest son of Mir Vays, became the chief of Gilzay Afghans and attacked Kirman. Shah Hussain had to leave Ispahan for Qazwin, therefore, Mehmud took chance to march ahead, and subdued a small military unit and occupied Ispahan in 1134/1722.

In 1127/1715, the Tzar Peter the Great, sent Artemii Petrovich Volynsky as an ambassador to Shah Hussain; he was to conclude a commercial treaty with Iran. He also collected secrecy of Iranian resources and important communication. Volynsky reported that the general situation in Iran was so disturbed, and the army so demoralized and inefficient, that the country could easily be conquered by a small Russian army. By 1133/1721, if not before, the Tzar had decided to invade Iran. He showing of the flag in the Caspian coastal provinces in 1134/1722 had occasioned great alarm in Istanbul, and there was a flurry of diplomatic activity as the possibility of war between Russia and Turkey became stronger or receded. The outcome was the Russo-Ottoman Treaty for the partition of Iran's north-west provinces, dated June 24, 1724. The dismemberment of Iran was short-lived. Six Russian battalions landed in Gilan in 1135/1723, and another Russian forces captured Baku. Hence, Iran's Caspian provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad had gone in the Russian pocket. On the other side, the European merchants started their dominion on the principal sea-ports of the Muslim countries.

Imam Kassim Ali was made the governor of Kirman in 1106/1694, but when the Baluchi tribesmen had raided Kirman in 1110/1698, the military control was assigned to the Georgian prince Giorgi XI by making him the governor of those parts of Kirman which had been affected by the invaders.

In Kirman, the village land was divided into six shares (dang), each of which comprised one-sixth of the village water supply together with the land watered thereby. Imam Kassim Ali was the governor of the three villages, viz. Shahr-i Babak, Kahek and Mahallat. The Safavid authority accorded him due permission to create an Ataullahi regiment in the Safavid military for security against the Baluchi invaders.

In 1134/1722, an appalling drought reduced the inhabitants of Kirman and Ispahan to the last extremity. It was so severe that hundreds of rotting corpses clogged the streets. At least 80,000 people are said to have perished from starvation and disease. It is learnt that a bulk of the Ismailis from Fars with the governor started from Ispahan to help the affected persons, but Mehmud, the chief of Gilzay Afghans had occupied Ispahan on December 25, 1722 and was proclaimed as a ruler, therefore, the Ismailis could not enter the city.

Shah Tahmasp II, the son of Shah Hussain ascended in 1134/1722 at Qazwin. He fled to Tabriz when Qazwin was shakened by the Afghans. The people of Qazwin repelled the Afghans. Mahmud however put to death many high officials and nobles, notably 3000 Kizilbash guards; cracking down the very backbone of the Safavid military. Thus suddenly was the whole fabric of the Safavid kingdom, bringing to an inglorious end. Mehmud was overthrown by his 26 years old cousin, called Ashraf in 1137/1725. At the time of his accession, Ashraf found himself in possession of Ispahan, Persian Irak, Fars, Kirman, Sistan, Qummis and western Khorasan. Shah Tahmasp II was the ruler of Qazwin and Mazandaran. In 1141/1729, Ashraf attacked the Safavids, but was defeated by Nadir Quli Beg, or Nadir Shah of Khorasan, the Safavid commander. He took possession of Ispahan and reinstated the Safavid monarchy by placing Shah Tahmasp II on the throne. Nadir then also drove away the Abdalis of Khorasan, and at last, he was made the chief commander of the Safavid military. These were the first outward signs that the tide had at last turned in Tahmasp favour, but a great deal had yet to be done.

In 1144/1732, just over two and a half years after Shah Tahmasp II had mounted the throne as a result of the restoration of the Safavid monarchy, he was forced by Nadir to abdicate in favour of his infant son Abbas III. Hence, Shah Tahmasp II spent the remainder of his unhappy and frustrated life in captivity. In 1148/1736, Shah Tahmasp II was joined by his son Shah Abbas III in prison when Nadir deposed him and captured the throne himself. Four years later, Shah Tahmasp II and his two sons Shah Abbas III and Ismail were put to death. Thus, Nadir Shah proclaimed the foundation of the Afsharid dynasty in 1148/1736.

Shah Ismail (1500-1524) had established the Safavid empire in Iran in 905/1500, which came to an end in 1148/1736 after a rule of about 236 years, from the time of Imam Abuzar Ali (d. 915/1509) to Imam Abul Hasan Ali (d. 1206/1792).

Imam Kassim Ali remained as a governor of Kirman for some times, and he came to Mahallat in 1204/1790. In Mahallat, he purchased many estates for his family, where he was very popular. It is related that the Imam frequently arranged convivial parties at his residence. He used to invite the nobles and officials on every year during the celebrations of Eid al-Ghadir and Navroz. He died in Mahallat in 1143/1730, where he was buried. He had many sons, but the prominent among them were Abul Hasan Ali, the successor and Mirza Muhammad Bakir.

Encyclopaedia of Ismailism by Mumtaz Ali Tajddingeneral KASSIM AMIRIEncyclopedia Topic

Abul Kassim Muhammad Kuhpayai, known as Amiri Shirazi, or Kassim Amiri was a famous Ismaili scholar and poet. He was born possibly in 953/1545 in Kuhpayai, a village in the vicinity of Ispahan. He served Shah Tahmasp in the Safavid court for 30 years, then fell into disfavour. The tradition has it that a court theologian, Hilli Hasan bin Yousuf aroused the king against him. Shah Tahmasp arrested him for alleged impeachment being an infidel, and blinded him in 973/1565. He was imprisoned in Shiraz, and was executed by Shah Abbas in 999/1591. He passed a tragic life and none dared to quote or collect his poetical works. His poems are accessible almost disorderly, in which few historical events are composed, dating around 987/1579. In his Ash'ar-i Amiri, he eulogized Imam Murad Mirza and Imam Nuruddin Ali. It sounds from his poems that being an Ismaili, he had to face troubles, therefore, he had presented his religious feelings very carefully. Abu Baqi Nihawand writes in Ma'athir'i Rahimi (Calcutta, 1931, 3: 1506) that the poems of Kassim Amiri were collected by his nephew Maulana Dakhli, who later on migrated to India.

Encyclopaedia of Ismailism by Mumtaz Ali Tajddingeneral KASSIM SHAH (710-771/1310-1370), 29TH IMAMEncyclopedia Topic

Imam Kassim Shah, known as Syed Kassim Muhammad was most probably born in Daylam. He is said to have lived shortly in Armenia and Anatolia in the circle of the Bekhtashahis, a growing Sufi order in the Kurds and Turkomans. The tradition most possibly of later period indicates that Imam Kassim Shah had flourished a small village in Azerbaijan, called Kassimabad, which seems almost doubtful. It is however probable that the village, in which Imam Kassim Shah either resided, or where he used to see his followers, was termed, Kassimabad by the Iranian followers. It is also believed that when his son, Islam Shah had arrived at Kahek in Iran in 798/1396, the Iranian Ismailis had also termed Kassimabad as the abode of Islam Shah's father.

Ghazan Khan (1295-1304), the sixth Ilkhanid ruler had embraced Islam, and restored peace in Iran. He was succeeded by his brother Uljaytu (1304-1316), who professed Christianity like his mother. He invaded Gilan, Mazandaran and Khorasan, putting many Ismailis to sword. He at last became a Shi'a Muslim, and was succeeded by his twelve years son, Abu Sa'id (1316-1334). Finally, Amir Hussain founded the Jalayirid dynasty at Tabriz in 736/1336, which also ended in 812/1409. In Ispahan and Shiraz, Muzaffaruddin Muhammad, the son of Sharafuddin Muzaffar (d. 754/1353) founded the Muzaffarid dynasty in 713/1313, which lasted till 795/1393. The Kurts of Herat also rose in 643/1245, and Taymurlame also became a powerful ruler in 783/1381 by conquering Iran.

The scattered Ismailis slowly began in settling down in the towns and villages of Iran. Few among them in northern area had concentrated their efforts at Daylam, one of the largest districts of Gilan. Daylam was occupied and ruled by Kiya Saifuddin Kushayji in 760/1360 at Marjikuli. He was deep-rooted in Ismaili faith like his forefathers since the period of Imam Alauddin Muhammad. He was however forced to abandon Ismailism through a letter by the Zaidi Syed Ali Kiya bin Amir Malati, the neighboring ruler. Zahiruddin Mar'ashi (d. 892/1486) writes in his Tarikh-i Gilan wa Daylamistan (Tehran, 1968, p. 67) that Kiya Saifuddin replied indignantly to the messenger, declaring his family's faith openly: "My ancestors followed the religion of Prophet Muhammad (peace be on him), and were followers and believers in the Syeds (Imams) of the line of Ismail bin Jafar Sadik. Nobody has a right to order us in this manner." Thus, Syed Ali Kiya mustered his troops in Gilan in 779/1378 and occupied Daylam, and founded the Zaidi dynasty of Amir Kiya'i Syeds, and extended his influence in Ashkawar, Kuhdum as far as Tarum and Qazwin. The lieutenant Amir Ali of Syed Amir Kiya had domineered the Ismailis in Daylam, and the local theologians also chimed in and started their customary propaganda. In 781/1379, Syed Ali Kiya chased the Ismailis in Qazwin, and retained control of that region for seven years until 788/1386, when he was compelled to surrender Qazwin, Tarum and its castle to Taymurlame (771-807/1370-1405), the founder of the Taymurid dynasty in Iran and Transoxiana.

It was at this time that the Ismailis entered in Gilgit and Hunza with the efforts of Taj Mughal. He is said to have built a Mughlai Tower at Jutial, and another on the way to Hunza, near Thol. Taj Mughal is said to have proceeded to Sikiang through Pamir, and thus he dominated most of the prominent regions of Central Asia. He died most probably in 725/1325. It seems likely that Gilgit had been ruled by the local Ismaili rulers from 710/1310 to 973/1565, and remained in close contact with the Ismailis of Badakhshan.

Imam Kassim Shah passed a darwish life in the mountainous regions of Azerbaijan. He was fond of hunting in the woods, and used to travel in different towns and villages, sometimes for a long time. Upon his death, most probably in 771/1370, the Imamate devolved upon his son, Islam Shah.

Encyclopaedia of Ismailism by Mumtaz Ali Tajddingeneral Kasti / KashtiEncyclopedia Topic

Suffering

Various Sources KasturiEncyclopedia Topic

Musk, fragrance

Various Sources KasumbaEncyclopedia Topic

A plant from which red dye is prepared

Various Sources KasvatanieEncyclopedia Topic

On trial, on trying, on tested

Various Sources KatakEncyclopedia Topic

Army, troops; pain, unhappiness, suffering, discord, conflicts

Various Sources KataraniEncyclopedia Topic

One which cuts

Various Sources KatariEncyclopedia Topic

Dagger

Various Sources KATCHINoun

Faible, incomplète. "KATCHI KAYA..."

Heritage Dictionary of Ismailism, entry #621general KateEncyclopedia Topic

Having spun

Various Sources KathEncyclopedia Topic

Wood

Various Sources KathaEncyclopedia Topic

Legend, story, religious stories, mythical stories, talk

Various Sources KathanEncyclopedia Topic

Arduous, hard, difficult

Various Sources KathanEncyclopedia Topic

Saying, teaching, description, words

Various Sources KathantaEncyclopedia Topic

Saying

Various Sources KatheEncyclopedia Topic

Says

Various Sources Kathi / KanthiEncyclopedia Topic

Saying, narrating

Various Sources